Which landmark case established the principle of judicial review?

The landmark case that established the principle of judicial review is Marbury v. Madison. This important Supreme Court case, decided in 1803, asserted the power of the judiciary to review and invalidate actions of the legislative and executive branches that are deemed unconstitutional. By declaring that it is the duty of the judiciary to say what the law is, the court laid the foundation for the judicial branch's role in checking the powers of the other branches of government. This principle ensures that no law or government action can violate the Constitution, thereby reinforcing the rule of law and the system of checks and balances that is central to American democracy.

The other cases listed, while significant, do not pertain to the establishment of judicial review. Brown v. Board of Education focused on the abolishment of racial segregation in public schools, Roe v. Wade addressed the issue of abortion rights, and McCulloch v. Maryland revolved around federal supremacy and the constitutionality of the Second Bank of the United States. Each of these cases played a crucial role in shaping various aspects of U.S. law, but none set the precedent for judicial review like Marbury v. Madison did.