Which act, associated with John Adams, was seen as a violation of free speech?

The Sedition Act, enacted in 1798 during John Adams' presidency, was seen as a violation of free speech because it made it a crime to publish false, scandalous, and malicious writing against the government or its officials. This law was part of a series of acts known as the Alien and Sedition Acts, which were intended to protect national security amid fears of war with France. However, the Sedition Act specifically targeted critics of the government and effectively criminalized dissent, leading to the prosecution of individuals who voiced opposition to Adams and his administration. Many viewed this as a direct infringement on the First Amendment rights regarding the freedom of speech and press.

The Alien Act, while also controversial, focused on the ability to deport non-citizens and did not directly regulate speech. The Kentucky Resolution addressed states' rights and was a response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, advocating for a state's ability to nullify federal laws that were seen as unconstitutional. Lastly, the Judiciary Act established the federal judiciary system but did not pertain to issues of free speech.