What is the term for the compromise that created a bicameral legislature with one house based on population and the other with equal representation?

The term that refers to the compromise that established a bicameral legislature consisting of one house based on population and the other with equal representation is indeed the Great Compromise, also known as the Connecticut Compromise. This agreement, reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787, resolved a critical debate between states with larger populations, which favored representation based on population, and those with smaller populations, which argued for equal representation among states regardless of size.

By creating two chambers—the House of Representatives, with representation determined by the population of each state, and the Senate, where each state is equally represented with two senators—this compromise effectively balanced the interests of both types of states. The Great Compromise was a pivotal moment in shaping the legislative structure of the United States and addressing the concerns of both large and small states, ensuring a more unified nation.

The options presented as the Three-Fifths Compromise relate specifically to how slaves were counted for representation and taxation, but do not pertain to the structure of the legislature. Therefore, the correct response highlighting both the terms Great Compromise and Connecticut Compromise indicates their interchangeable use in this particular historical context.