What controversial clause was part of the Treaty of Versailles?

The war guilt clause, which is formally known as Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, placed sole blame for World War I on Germany and its allies. This clause was highly controversial because it not only assigned responsibility for the war but also served as a justification for imposing heavy reparations on Germany. The bitterness that arose from this clause contributed to widespread resentment among the German population, ultimately destabilizing the country and creating fertile ground for extremist politics, including the rise of the Nazi Party.

The clause's implications extended beyond reparations; it also affected Germany’s national pride and identity, leading many Germans to view the treaty as a form of humiliation. The controversy it generated illustrates the challenges of negotiating peace treaties that aim for long-term stability while addressing the immediate aftermath of conflict.